15 Causes Of Bumps On The Face + Best Treatments, From Derms

Picture this: You’re cleansing your face at night and feel a bump. Your immediate reaction may be to slather it in spot treatment and assume it’s a zit, but is that actually the best route?

Unfortunately, bumps on your face aren’t always what they appear to be. In fact, there’s a long list of potential causes, and thus, a long list of different treatment routes. To find out which bump you’re dealing with, you’ll need some context clues. 

First up we have whiteheads. “A white head (also known as closed comedones) is a hair follicle or pore that has become clogged with oil and dead skin cells," board-certified dermatologist Lian Mack, M.D., FAAD, previously told mbg.

Most whiteheads tend to be flat compared to other forms of acne, and as you might expect, have a white top instead of a blackhead. These won’t have tons of redness around them like other pimples, and they shouldn’t be as tender to the touch as a standard zit. 

You’ll most often find whiteheads around oily parts of the face like the chin, forehead, and nose. Anyone with oily skin will be more prone to whiteheads, but any skin type can get them from time to time. 

When it comes to whitehead remedies, "Retinoids fall at the top of the list," Mack said. "Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that reduce oil production and promote cellular turnover," she explained. 

"This treatment works well because whiteheads are caused when sebum and dead skin cells unite to clog a pore," she added. You can find retinol in many over-the-counter forms such as classic retinol, retinaldehyde, and adapalene. Or, chat with your dermatologist about prescription-grade formulas. 

If it’s more inflamed than a whitehead but still looks like a pimple, it’s probably just that: Inflammatory acne. Two common forms of this type of breakout include papules and pustules. 

"Papules look like solid red bumps, while pustules have pus at the top," board-certified dermatologist Zenovia Gabriel, M.D., FAAD, previously said. 

Papules often turn into pustules. When the red papule forms a white, pus-filled head, you now have a tender pustule. People often mistake this white head as, well, a "whitehead," but in clinical derm-speak, those are two very different things. 

Cystic breakouts (also known as blind pimples) is a form of inflammatory acne, but it’s much different from the zits discussed above. If your bump appears red and doesn’t come to a white or black head, you might have a cystic breakout. Cysts are often tender, and may even feel soft to the touch.

Cystic acne tends to be red, inflamed, and larger than other breakouts. The giveaway that you've got a cystic breakout? You can feel it below the skin, but the only evidence on the surface is a red mark and raised bump.

This form of acne is very difficult to treat with just over-the-counter products, especially if it’s consistent. Your first step should be to visit a dermatologist if you can to get ahead of possible scarring that can follow long term cystic breakouts. 

If you feel a bump on your skin that actually just looks like skin, it may be an acne scar. The obvious giveaway would be that you’ve had acne in the past. 

Keloids and hypertrophic scars1 occur because there's an excess of scar tissue. These form as the result of acne as well as just general injuries. These appear more frequently from body acne, but can show up on the face, too. 

Dive deeper: How To Get Rid Of Acne Scars, From Dermatologists

If your bump is accompanied by loads of redness, you may be dealing with rosacea. “It commonly causes redness and visible blood vessels on the central face—the nose, medial cheeks, forehead and chin,” says board-certified dermatologist Hadley King, M.D., FAAD.  

She adds, “There may also be small red, pus-filled bumps or in severe cases, coarse changes in the skin.” Some people with rosacea experience constant flushing, while others may be even-toned one minute and super red the next. 

Treating rosacea as an overarching skin condition will help to ease rosacea bumps. The first step is to avoid your triggers, but that’s definitely easier said than done. So, couple those efforts with topical care. 

It’s important to note that with rosacea, your skin barrier is compromised. Because of this, many of the products and practices you call upon should be focused on soothing, hydrating, and healing that barrier.

If your bump is alongside dry and flaky skin, it may be eczema. “Eczema can appear in many different forms, sometimes just as dry, itchy skin, sometimes as bumps around hair follicles, and sometimes as an itchy, inflamed and bumpy rash,” says board-certified dermatologist and Co-Founder of Fig.1 Courtney Rubin, M.D., FAAD.

“Bumps from eczema typically do not have pus inside the way that acne or rosacea bumps do,” board-certified dermatologist Dustin Portela, D.O, FAAD explains. 

The main goal in treating eczema is to support the skin barrier, ease irritation, and minimize inflammation. To do so, look for rich hydrating creams and do your best to stay away from irritants. 

Psoriasis is another skin condition that has similar symptoms to eczema. You may see dry and flaky patches alongside raised bumps, but the psoriasis patches and bumps will be more red, whereas eczema is generally skin color and slightly pink or red when irritated. 

Psoriasis often flares during times of high stress and when your immune system is otherwise compromised by a cold, virus, etc. 

Often referred to as KP, keratosis pilaris is most common on the back of the arms, but can be found on the legs and face as well.

 “Keratosis Pilaris (KP) bumps are often called ‘chicken skin’ as they are small, red, and resemble chicken skin,” says board-certified dermatologist and Co-Founder of Skintensive Anar Mikailov, MD, FAAD.

KP shows up more on the cheeks and jaw area than the T-zone, Mikailov says. It’s caused by a buildup of keratin, but new studies show that KP may also be caused by a lack of oil-producing glands3, he adds.

Next, you have contact dermatitis. This one is complex, but also common. Mild cases result in patches of slightly bumpy, red, or irritated-looking skin, often with some mild flaking, like an angry skin goatee. 

With more severe cases, skin becomes very inflamed, with flakes or scabs that can bleed and become infected.

Your skin may feel sensitized, even to non-irritating skin care products—a sign it could be dermatitis or another type of reaction.

You can get dermatitis from many things—from stress to overuse of retinol to food intolerance and beyond. This one can be difficult to completely heal at home, so visit a derm if you think you do have dermatitis. 

Say your bump is tiny, white-ish, and near your eyes. Chances are, you have milia. Unlike acne, milia are not caused by an infection in the pore. 

Elena Villanueva, D.C., founder of Modern Holistic Health previously told mbg that milia is actually a buildup of keratin that gets trapped beneath the surface of the skin.

“Ingrown hairs typically appear as a raised red bump that is often painful to the touch,” Portella explains. They may look like a tiny pimple in some cases. On occasion, you can actually see a hair stuck in the inflamed bump. 

“Ingrown hairs can happen anywhere shaving or plucking occurs, usually on the chin and jawline, and appear as inflamed bumps with a hair in the middle that has turned in on itself,” Rubin says, which is why they’re more common in those who shave their face. 

If you’ve had this bump for a while and it’s not sensitive or changing, it could just be a mole. “Moles are often brown, but not in all cases,” Portella says. “In some individuals, they are more likely to have flesh colored or even slightly pink or red moles,” he adds. 

Unproblematic moles don’t call for treatment, unless they bother you aesthetically. Still, it’s important to have your moles checked every year at least to ensure you catch any potential skin cancer early. 

“If you have a cosmetic concern about the appearance of a mole, see a board certified dermatologist first to evaluate whether the mole appears healthy and normal,” Rubin says. 

If the bump is totally under the skin, but not exactly looking like a cyst, it could be a lipoma. 

“Lipomas can appear as soft or firm nodules (balls under skin) and are usually mobile (can feel like they are rolling under the skin, not fixed) bumps or nodules, which can vary in size,” says board-certified dermatologist and Director of Cosmetic Dermatology at Montefiore Advanced Care Kseniya Kobets, M.D., FAAD.

“Although lipomas that are not bothersome do not need to be treated, definitive treatment for lipomas is surgical removal that involves local anesthesia shots and leaves the area with a linear scar,” Kobets says.

“Urticaria, or hives, is an outbreak of swollen, pale red bumps or wheals on the skin that appear suddenly,” King notes. “They usually cause itching but may also burn or sting,” she adds. 

Hives naturally go away within 24 hours, and the entire outbreak should resolve within days to weeks, she adds.  

“Hives can result from the body's reaction to certain allergens, or they can happen for unknown reasons,” King says. This could be topical allergens in skin care products, something you ate, something in the air, and so on. 

“Because hives are triggered by a release of histamine, oral antihistamines are generally the most effective treatment,” King says. In the moment, it’s better to just let your hives be than slather any cream on them. 

To prevent future hives, try to avoid allergic triggers. If you frequently get hives, consider keeping a note page on when you get them and what you were exposed to beforehand to trace a possible allergy. 

Last but not least, we have general skin infections. Now your bump could be caused by something else and then get infected, or it can be a sign of an infection to begin with. 

“If a bump starts to blister, ooze yellow or green pus, have yellow crusting, or is associated with pain and swelling, it could mean that it’s turning into an infection,” Kobets says. 

One common infection is impetigo. “Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection that can have honey colored crust, which can sometimes happen with worsening eczema or infected hair follicles,” Kobets says. 

You could also have cold sores which start off as red, painful, burning, or itchy bumps and progress into fluid-filled blisters that crust over, she adds. 

If you think you have an infection of any kind, visit your doctor. Common skin infections like impetigo are highly contagious (to other body parts and other people), so it’s best to get help sooner rather than later. 

In the mean time, just don’t touch your infected bump. If you accidentally do touch it, wash your hands afterward with soap and water to prevent spreading the potential infection.